The raise of nationalism in Europe
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Social science chapter-1:
The raise of nationalism in Europe:
Question no - 1:
Write notes on
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- Count camillode covour
- The Great war of independence
- Frankfurt parliament
- The role of women in nationalist struggle
Ans: Guisseppe Mazzini
1. Giuseppe Mazzini belongs to Italy. He was born in 1807 at Genoa .
2. He is a member of secret society of carbonari .
3. He also sent into exile (send out from country) in 1831. For attempting revolution in Linguria at his age 24.
4. Mazzini always believe in God had intended nation be natural be units of mankind
5. He is a founder of young Italy in Marseille and young Europe in Barnes
Guisseppe Mazzini
Ans - Count camillode covour:
1. Count camillode covour was a Italian.
2. He became the chief minister of sardinia piedont state.
3. He engineering a careful diplomatic alliance with France which helped sardinia piedont to defeat Austrian force in 1859.
4. It helps to free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburg.
Ans - The great war of independence:
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- Count camillode covour
- The Great war of independence
- Frankfurt parliament
- The role of women in nationalist struggle
Ans - Frankfurt Parliament:
1. It was an all German National Assembly. Formed by a large political association.
2. The members are middle - class , artisans, businessmen etc.
3. The first meeting was convened in 18th May 1848 in the church of St.paul at Frankfurt.
4. The king of purssia rejected the crown offered by deputies of parliament.
5. Joined other monarchy and opposed elected assembly. This assembly was dominated by middle class who rejected demands of workers and artisans 😡😈 .
6. Workers and artisans stop supporting Assembly 😒. The troops were called to the assembly and forced to disband.
Ans - The role of 🙋 women in nationalist struggle:
1. In that time the issues 😟 of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement.
2. In which large number of women participated🙋 over year actively.
3. They had 🙋🤝formed their own political association.
They started news papers and taken part in political meetings.
4. They were denied suffrage(right to vote) during the election of assembly.
Q 2. What Steps did the french revolutionaries takes to create a sense of Collective identity among the french people?
Ans
1. They introduced new french flag tricolor replace the royal standard.
2. The estate general was renamed as national assembly and was elected by group of active citizen.
3. International custom duties and dues were abolished
4. Idea of laboratory the fatherland analysis in the citizen emphasize the nation of unity in a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
5. New hyms were compose oaths taken.
6. The central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation.
7. further revolutionary change the destiny of the french people to liberates the people of europe from despotism.
8. Uniform system of weight and measures was adopted
Q 3. Who were Marianne and Germania ? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed ?
Ans:
1. Female allegories where invented by artist in the 19th century to represent the nation .
2. Marianne a popular christian name . Her characteristics where drawn from those liberty and republic the red cap the tricolour the cockade.
3. Marianne and Germania -- to remind the public of national assembly of unity, justice and Republic and to persuade them to identify with it.
4. Marianne image was marked on coins and stamps.
5. Germany ada allegory of German nation in visual representation Germania wears a crown of Oak leaves.
German Oak stands for heroism.
Q 4. Briefly trace the process of german unification?
Ans;
1. German middle class try to unite different regions of the germany in 1848 confirm confederation into a nation state government by an elected parliament.
2. But they were controlled by the monarchy and military .
3. Large landowners of Prussia supported the middle class people of Germany.
4. Soon Prussia become the leader of german unification movement.
5. The chief minister of otto von bismarck was architect of this process which support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.
6. The unification process was complete after Prussia won the war with Australia, denmark and france. War held nearly 7 years.
Q 5. What changes did napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Ans:
1. He established civil code in 1804 As known as Napoleonic code .
2. It washout all privileges based on birth and establish equality before law.
3. Right to property and he simplifies the administrative division.
4. Abolished federal system, Freed Patients from serfdom.
5. Guild system were remove and transport and communication where improve.
Discuss:
Q1. Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of the liberal s? What were the political social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Ans
1.1848 Revolution was led by middle class people patience unemployed poor people and workers in europe.
2. Middle class people push their demands for creation of nation states based on parliamentary principles.
3. The political, social and economic ideas supported by liberals were
1.Constitutionalism with national unification.
2. They wanted the creation of the nation-state must be on parliamentary principal a constitution freedom of the press and freedom of association.
3.Abolition of
a.Class base partiality.
b.birth rights.
c.serfdom.
d. State imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital.
4. Economically they wanted
a.freedom of market.
b.right to property.
Q 2. Choose three example to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in europe?
Ans:
1. This was and european culture movement focused at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history.
2. The romantic artist emphasize on emotion institution and mystical feelings give shape and expressions to the nationalist sentiments.
3.To contribute the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fever in europe they used folk songs, dances and poetry In vernacular languages.
4. Folk culture enable nationalist to carry the message of nationalism to a large diverse audience.
5. The language also played a distinct role in the developing nationalist feeling in europe.
6. Here we start with an example during Russian occupation the use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period polish language was wahed out of school and Russian language was imposed everywhere.
7. Following the defeat of an army rebellion against russian rule in 1831 many members of clubs in poland begin to using language as a weapon of national resistance.
8. They did so by using polish for church gathering and religious instructions.
9. In this question we understand vernacular language used as a key for spread the message of national unity.
Q 3. Through a focus on any two countries explain how nation develop over the 19th century?
Ans:
Unification of Germany:
1.In 1948 german middle class try to unite different regions of the germany, confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament.
2. But they were controlled by the monarchy and military.
3. Large landowners of Prussia supported the middle class people for germany.
4. Soon Prussia became the leader of german unification movement.
5. The chief minister otto van bismarck was the architect of this process with support from Prussian army as a Prussian bureaucracy.
6. Unification process was completed after persia won the war with austria denmark and friends over 7 years .
7. William I was proclaimed the german emperor in january 1871 at Versailles
Unification of Italy :
1.In middle 19 century italy was divided into seven states.The ruler of Sardinia pedimont was victor emmanuel ii to unify italian states through war
2. Giuseppe Mazzini Revolutionary sought to unification of italy. He also formed secret society Named "young Italy" but it failed.
3. Australian force that defeated in 1859.
4. Apart from Sardinia Piedmont a large number of volunteers had joined the unification movement under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi .
5. 1860 The marched to south italy and manage to defeat spanish rulers.
6. In 1861 Victor emmanuel ii was proclaimed all the king of italy .
Q 4. How was the history of nationalism in britain unlike the rest of europe?
Ans:
1.In britain the formation of the nation state was not the world of a sudden upheaval it was result of a long down out process.
2. The primary identities of people who inhabited the british isles where ethnic ones such as english, Welsh, scot and Irish.
3. The act of union(1707) between england and scotland resulted in the formation of the " united kingdom of britain".
4. "The united kingdom" of britain means that England was able to impose its influence on scotland. scotland political institution and culture systematically suppressed.
5. Scottish highlands where forbidden to speak their gaelic language or wear their national dress.
6. The english helping the protestant of ireland to establish their dominance over catholic country.
7. Catholics revolt against british dominance was suppressed.
8. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom in 1801 english language by actively promoted and older nation survived only as subordinate partner in this union.
9. The symbols of britain the british flag (union Jack) the national anthem (god save our noble king).
Q 5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans ?
Ans;
Balkans was a region of geographical variations and ethnic. It consisted of modern day
1. Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania ,Greece, Albania and Herzegovina and Montenegro.
A large best off balcony and under the control of the ottoman empire.
2. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the spread of the idea of romantic Nationalism in the balkan together with the disintegration Of ottoman empire.
3. The balkans people based on their claims of independence or political rights on the nationality and use history to prove that They had once been independent .
4. The rebellious nationality in the Balkans thought of their long lost independence.
5.The balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the other.
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