Chapter wise important question

NCERT Hindi Book explanation in English and tamil

NCERT solutions Hindi
Chapter 2 Kshitiz
सूरदास

NCERT solutions for history

Nationalism in Europe

NCERT SOLUTIONS & BOOK देव LESSONS EXPLANATION IN ENGLISH AND TAMIL

Frédéric Sorrieu's Vision of World:

1. In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social republics'.

2. The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America- men and women of all ages and social classes- marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue Liberty

3. Statue of Liberty bears the torch for Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.

4. In Sorrieu's utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.

5. During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought changes in the political and mental world of Europe. End result was emergence of the nation-state.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND IDEA OF THE NATION

The first nationalism movement was The French Revolution in 1789.

Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the L. French people:

France during revolutions:

1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

2. A new French flag The tricolour was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.

3. The Estates General which was elected by the people was renamed to the National Assembly. New hymns were France trying to maintain the results composed, oaths were taken in the name of the nation. of revolution:

4. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory

5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

1.Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’?

(a)French Revolution

(b)Russian Revolution

(c)Glorious Revolution

(d)The Revolution of Liberals[CBSE 2020]

Ans.(a) French Revolution

Explanation:

Until 1789, France was ruled by a monarchical body. The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a sovereign body. This revolution made France a nation state and brought many political and constitutional changes. Along with this, the world got a clear expression of nationalism.

Related Theory:

Russian Revolution: The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the workers and peasants raised their voice against the Russian government of Tsar Nicholas II. It was led by Vladimir Lenin and a group named Bolsheviks. The country of the Soviet Union was established by the new communist government.

Glorious Revolution: This revolution is also known as ‘The Revolution of 1688’ or ‘The Bloodless Revolution’ which took place from 1688-1689 in England when King James II was replaced by his daughter Mary and William of Orange.

The Revolution of Liberals: It took place in 1848 and was led by the educated middle class. This revolution in France brought the abdication of the monarch.

2.A custom union that was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states was called:

(a)Zollverein

(b)Plebiscite

(c)Utopian

(d)All of these[NCERT]

Ans.(a) Zollverein

Related Theory: Plebiscite means a direct vote which gives power to the people of a region to accept or reject a proposal.

Utopian means an imaginary ideal society which principally does not exist.

3.Choose the correctly matched pair from the following:[CBSE 2020]

(a)Otto Von Bismarck -Germany

(b)Napoleon -Spain

(c)Giuseppe Garibaldi -France

(d)Bourbon Kings -Italy

Ans.(a)Otto Von Bismarck - Germany

Explanation: Otto Von Bismarck, was the Chief Minister of Prussia Germany. He was the architect of the process of unification of Germany, which was carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

Related Theory:Corrected pairs:

1.Napoleon - France

2.Guissepe Garibaldi - Italy

3.Bourbon Kings - Spain

4.Which one of the following claimed that true German culture was discovered among the common people-das volk?

(a)Karol Karpinski

(b)Louis Philippe

(c)Carl Welcker

(d)Johann Gottfried Herder

Ans.(d)Johann Gottfried Herder

Explanation:Johann Gottfried Herder was a German Philosopher.

Related Theory

1.Louis Philippe was the constitutional monarch of France and his reign was known as July monarchy as he came in power after the July Revolution of 1830.

2.Karol Karpinski was a polish music composer.

3.Carl Welcker was a liberal politician and an elected member of the Frankfurt Parliament which convened in the Church of St. Paul on 18 May 1848.

5.Which among the following best signifies the idea of liberal nationalism of nineteenth- century Europe?

(a)Emphasis on social justice

(b)State planned socio-economic system

(c)Freedom for individual and equality before law

(d)Supremacy of state oriented nationalism.[CBSE 2020]

Ans.(c)Freedom for individual and equality before law

Explanation: The term liberalism is derived from the word ‘liber’ meaning free. Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised on government by consent. Liberalism also stood for the end of autocracy and clergcial privileges, a constitution, and representative government through parliament.

6.In 1789, France was a full-fledged territorial state under the rule of which of the following:

(a)A Federal Republic

(b)An Absolute Monarch

(c)A Democratic Ruler

(d)None of these

Ans.(b)An Absolute Monarch

Explanation:Louis XVI, a Bourbon King was an absolute monarch in France in 1789.

7.“When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”. Who among the following said this popular line ?

(a)Giseppe Mazzini

(b)Metternich

(c)Otto Von Bismarck

(d)Guiseppe Garibaldi[CBSE 2020]

Ans.(b)Metternich

Explanation: Metternich was an Austrian diplomat (Chancellor), who was at the center of European affairs. Ever since the French Revolution, the political developments in France had a direct impact on the rest of the European continent. Hence, Metternich famously remarked ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’.

Related Theory: Gisseupe Garibaldi was an Italian freedom fighter,who joined the Young Italy movement and led the famous Expedition of the Thousand to South Italy.¬ Italian revolutionary, Giuseppe Mazzini founded twounder ground societies, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young European Berne. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

Otto Von Bismarck was the chief minister of Prussia, Germany. He carried out the unification of Germany with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.

8.Study the picture and answer the question that follows:

Which of the following aspect best signifies this image of ‘Ger-mania’?(a)Heroism and Justice[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]

(b)Folk and Cultural Tradition

(c)Austerity and Asceticism

(d)Revenge and Vengeance

Ans.(a) Heroism and Justice

9.Who among the following was proclaimed as the first German Emperor in 1871?

(a)William I

(b)William II

(c)Friendrich William I

(d)Friedrich William II [CBSE 2020]

Ans.(a)William I

Explanation: In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the first German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

10.Which of the following reform/s was/were introduced by Napoleon?(a)Standardized system of weights and measures

(b)A common national currency

(c)Abolition of the feudal system

(d)All of the above

Ans.(d)All of the above

Explanation:Napoleon introduced all administrative changes through Civil Code of 1804-usually known as the Napoleonic Code.

11.Which one of the following attributes stands for ‘Willingness to make peace’?

(a)Breastplate with eagle

(b)Olive branch around the sword

(c)Broken chain(d)All of the above

Ans.(b) Olive branch around the sword

Explanation:An olive branch symbolises peace and the sword symbolises readiness to light but together an olive branch around the sword symbolises willingness to make peace.

Related Theory:Breastplate with eagle stands for ‘symbol of German empire-strength’ while broken chain refers to ‘Being freed’

12.Which of the following was NOT visualized by Frederic Sorrieu in his first print of series of four prints made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republic’?

(a)The people of America and Europe-men and women of all ages

(b)Social classes marching in a long train

(c)Offering homage to the Statue of Unity

(d)All of these

Ans.(c) Offering homage to the ‘Statue of Unity’

Explanation:Statue of Unity is located in Gujarat state of India while Frederic Sorrieu thought of offering homage to the ‘Statue of Liberty’ located in the USA.

13.He was described as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ by Metternich. Who was he?

(a)Lord Byron

(b)Giuseppe Mazzini

(c)Garibaldi

(d)Napoleon

Ans.(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

Explanation:Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives in Europe and so was described as the ‘most dangerous enemy of our social order’ by Metternich-chancellor of Austria who himself was a conservative.

14.Which one of the following was NOT among the symbols of the new Britain when a new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture?

(a)Union Jack

(b)God Save Our Noble King

(c)English Language

(d)Irish Language

Ans.(d)Irish Language

Explanation:Union Jack-the British flag, God Save Our Noble King-the national anthem and the English language were actively promoted after the United Kingdom was formed. Whereas scotland and Ireland became subordinate partners of the united kingdom.

15.The French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray which of the following ideas:

(a)Liberty

(b)Justice

(c)Republic

(d)All of these

Ans.(d)All of these

Explanation:The attributes of Republic and Liberty are the red cap and the broken chain respectively while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.

16.In visual representations, who wears a crown of oak leaves?

(a)Marianne

(b)Germania

(c)Both (a) and (b)

(d)None of these

Ans.(b)Germania

Explanation:Germania wearing a crown of oak learns symbolising heroism became the allegory of the German nation while Marianne was of France.

17.A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the powers exercised is called:

(a)Absolutist

(b)Utopian

(c)Democratic

(d)Conservatist

Ans.(a)Absolutist

Explanation: The term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive. Those in authority generally exercise powers according to their whims and fancies without any restraints. People’s will is not taken into consideration.

Related Theory:Utopian System is a picture of an ideal society without any adulteration or evil practices. In Utopianism ,all men and women are good natured, hardworkers and there’s nosense of jealousy, inferiority or gender/caste or class inequality.

A democratic system is a system which respects and prioritises the will of its people.

18.Sorrieu’s vision of society which is so idealistic that it is unlikely to exist is called .....................

(a)Utopian

(b)Democratic

(c)Absolutist

(d)Conservatist

Ans.(a)Utopian

Explanation: Utopian Vision of French Artists was so ideal- so perfect and unadulterated that it was impossible to find such a vision to materialise in reality.

Related Theory:Absolutism is a type of governance or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.

Democracy is the supremacy of will of common people, government is run by representatives chosen by common people.

Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.