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Important questions:

1. “The Government of India gives holidays for the festivals of most of the religions.” Why is it so ? Give your viewpoint.[3] 

Answer : The Government of India gives all religious holidays because India is a secular state.Certain provisions were adopted in the Constitution to make India a secular state and these are :  

(i)There is no official religion for the Indian State . Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Islam in Pakistan, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

 (ii)The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any and prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.

  (iii)Constitution allows the State to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities for example, it bans untouchability

 2.Explain the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies.[3] 

Answer : The one way to ensure that women related problems gets adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives. To achieve this, it is legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

 (i)Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in Local government bodies for women. 

(ii)In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low. The percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha is not even 10 per cent and in State Assemblies less than 5 per cent. India is lagging behind several developing countries of Africa and Latin America. Women organisations have been demanding reservations of at least one-third seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for Women.

 (iii)And only recently, in March 2010, the women’s reservation bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and State Legislative bodies.

 3.Why do some people think that it’s not correct to politicize social divisions ? Give three reasons.[3] 

Answer : Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world and these divisions are reflected in politics and affect politics.Expression of social divisions in politics lead to disaster. If social divisions do exist in a country, they must never be expressed in politics, because the combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous . 

(i)Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competition tends to divide society. 

(ii)If they start competing in terms of some existing social division, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country. In Yugoslavia, political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to disintegration of the country into six independent countries.

 (iii)Social divisions effect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than other.

4.Classify the economic sectors on the basis of nature of activities. Mention the main feature of each.[3] 

Answer : On the basis of nature of activities, economic sectors are classified into :  

(i)Primary sector 

 (ii)Secondary sector

 (iii)Tertiary sector 

(i)Primary sector : It forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get, are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called sector for agriculture and related activities(stone quarrying, animal husbandry, etc.)

 (ii)Secondary sector : It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. It can take place in a factory, workshop or at home. 

Examples :  

(a) Spinning yarn from cotton fibre from plants. 

(b) Making sugar from sugarcane.It is also called the Industrial sector. 

(iii)Tertiary sector : Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as aid and support to the primary and secondary sectors. Services like administration, police, army, transport, hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, insurance companies, storage, trade communication and banking are some of the  examples of activities of the tertiary.  

5.Why is NREGA also called the Right to Work ? Explain.[3] 

Answer : Every state or region in India has potential for increasing the income and employment in that area. Recognising this, the Central Government in India has passed an act called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.The main objectives of the NREGA 2005 are :  

(i)to implement the Right to Work in 200 districts of India. 

(ii)to guarantee 100 days of employment in a year by the government. In case the government fails, it offers unemployment allowance. 

(iii)to give preference to the type of work that will help increase the production from land. 

6.Apart from income, which other six things people look for growth and development ? [3] 

Answer : High per capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life : Money cannot buy all the essential things required for a good life. Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases, lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, job security, good working conditions etc., are essential for a good standard of living and for growth and development.

 7.Explain the effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy.[5] 

OR 

Explain the process of industrialization in Britain during the 19th century.[5] 

OR

Describe the features of the big modern city of Calcutta (Kolkata) as viewed by the gods in the novel written by Durgacharan Ray.[5] 

Answer : Effects of the Great Depression on the Indian Economy :  

(i)In the 19th century, colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and importer of manufactured goods. This situation continued well into the 20th century during the British rule. The depression had immediate effect on Indian trade. India’s exports and imports halved between 1928 and 1934.  

(ii)The prices fell in India as a result of the international price crash. Wheat prices fell by 50 per cent between 1928 and 1934. Peasants and farmers suffered due to the fall of prices. Their income lowered but the colonial government refused to reduce the revenue they collected and this led to their hardships. 

(iii)Jute producers of Bengal also were hard hit. With the collapse of gunny bag export, jute prices crashed. Peasants , who had borrowed in the hope to increase their production fell deep into debts due to the crash of jute prices by 60 per cent.

 (iv)Peasants used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses.

 (v)The depression did not have much negative effect on urban India. Town dwelling landowners, who received rents, people with fixed income or salaried class became better off with the failling of prices of the foodgrains and other commodities. Industrial investments were not much affected as the Government extended tariff protection to industries. 

OR 

Answer : (i) The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrilization up to the 1840s.  

(ii)Later iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased. 

(iii)The new industries could not displace traditional industries. At the end of the 19th century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.  

(iv)The pace of change in the ‘traditional‘ industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements. 

(v)The technological changes occurred slowly. New technology was expensive and merchants and  industrialists were cautious about using it. ‘The machine often broke down and their cost of repair was costly. 

OR 

Answer : In 1880, Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ (The Gods Visit earth), in which Brahma, the creator in Hindu mythology took a train to Calcutta with some other gods. As Varuna, the Rain god conducted them around the capital of British India, the gods were wonderstruck by the big, modern city–the train, the large ships on the river Ganges, factories emitting smoke, bridges and monuments and shops selling commodities.The Gods were so impressed by the metropolis thatthey decided to build a Museum and a High Court in heaven.The faces of the city of Calcutta as described by Durgacharan Ray in his novel Debganer Martye Aagaman’ were : 

 (i)It was big, modern city with trains, large ships on the river Ganges, factories emitting smoke bridges, monuments, a dazzling array of shops selling a wide range of commodities. The visitors were impressed by the marvels of the teeming metropolis. The city of Calcutta in the 19th century was brimming with opportunities for trade, commerce, education and jobs. 

 (ii)The other features of the city were its cheats, thieves, grinding poverty and poor quality of housing for many people. The confusions about caste system, religious and gender identities in the city were disturbing the peace of the city. 

(iii)Wealth and poverty, splendour and opportunities and disappointments were the contrasting factors of the city of Calcutta in the 19th century.