Resources and Development for class 10

Resources and Development for class 10

sms (smart studies ) January 29, 2021

  

Geography 

Lesson No. 1 

NCERT Hindi Book explanation in English and tamil 

NCERT solutions Hindi सूरदास


Resources and Development

 Summary :1.Resource Planning in India : It involves : 

1.Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.

2.Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up far implementing resource development plans.

 3.Matching the resources development plans with over all national development plans. 

2.Land use Pattern in India :- 

Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km.-Land use data however is available only for 93% of the total area because the land use reporting far most of the North-East States except Assam has not been done fully.-Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.-The land under permanent pasture has also decreased.-Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or less than one agricultural year.-Net sown area total -total area sown in an agricultural year.-More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana.-Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands.-National Forest Policy in India in 1952.-Waste land includes rocky, Arid and desert area and land put to other non agricultural uses includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc.-Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it.

Answer the following questions : 

1.What are the three stages of resource planning? Describe it.

2.Why land use data is not available for whole country? 

3.Why land is decreasing under permanent pastures? 

4.What is net sown area? Which areas of India has more net sown area? 

5.Describe waste land. 

6.Describe two major causes of land degradation in India?

 

Resources

Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs and is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is termed as ‘Resource’. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. They transform material available in the environment into resources and use them.

Classification of Resources

Resources can be classified in the following ways:

(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable

(c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international

(d) On the basis of the status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves

(a) On the Basis of Origin – Biotic and Abiotic

Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life.

Eg: Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.

Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.

Eg: rocks and metals.

(b) On the Basis of Exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-Renewable

The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as Renewable or Replenishable Resources. The renewable resource may further be divided into continuous or flow.

Eg: Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.

Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very long geological time. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

Eg: Minerals and fossil fuels.

On the Basis of Ownership

• Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals are called Individual resources. For example: Plot, houses etc. owned by a person.

• Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. For example: Public parks, picnic spots owned by a community.

• National Resources: The resources which come under nation are known as National Resources. Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.

• International Resources: The resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are called International Resources. No one can use these resources without the permission of international institutions.

On the Basis of the Status of Development


• Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example: the regions Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy.
• Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.

• Stock: The resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due a lack of technology. For example: water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy but we don't have technical know-how to use them.

• Reserves: The resources that have been surveyed and we can use them with present technology but their use has not been started are known as Reserves. For example: the water in the dams, forests etc.

 

Development of Resources

Resources have been used by human beings indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems.

  • Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
  • Accumulation of resources in a few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e rich and poor.
  • It has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

Resource planning is essential for the sustainable existence of all forms of life. Sustainable Economic Development means “development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.”


Resource Planning

In India, there are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.

Resource Planning in India

Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. India has made concerted efforts towards achieving the goals of resource planning, right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence.

To overcome irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources, resource conservation at various levels is important.

 Land under important relief features in India:
Plains-43%, Mountains-30%, Plateaus-27%

Measures to solve problem of land degradation:
Afforestation, proper management of grazing to control overgrazing planting of shelter belts of plants, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, control of mining activities, avoid over-irrigation and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides;

Soil erosion:
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is soil erosion. Reasons for soil erosion include—
(a) Human activities like deforestation, over grazing construction, mining defective method of fanning etc.;
(b) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water flow.

 Types of erosion:
(a) Gully erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as gullies. This makes the land bad land and in the Chambal basin such land is known as ravines;
(b) Sheet erosion. When top soil over large area is washed away it is known as sheet erosion.

Land Utilisation

Land resources are used for the following purposes:

  1. Forests
  2. Land not available for cultivation

  3. a) Barren and wasteland

    b) Land put to non-agricultural uses

  4. Fallow lands
  5. Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)
  6. Net sown area

Land Use Pattern in India

The use of land is determined

  1. Physical factors: such as topography, climate, soil types
  2. Human factors: such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.

The data below represents the land use pattern in India.

Waste land is the land put to other non-agricultural uses which include rocky, arid and desert areas, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.

Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed significantly to land degradation. Mining sites leave deep scars and traces of over-burdening the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.

Some of the ways through which we can solve the problems of land degradation are:

  1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
  2. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
  3. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
  4. Proper management of waste lands.
  5. Control of mining activities.
  6. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment

 

Methods to prevent soil erosion in hilly area:
Ploughing along the contour lines-contour ploughing; terrace cultivation; strip farming and shelter belts.

Soils and its types:

  • Alluvial soils: Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose. Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
  • Black soil: Black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. Made up of extremely fine, i.e., clayey material. Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
  • Red and yellow soils: Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

  • Laterite Soil

  • The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climate with the alternate wet and dry season.
  • This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
  • Lateritic soils are acidic (pH<6.0) in nature and generally deficient in plant nutrients. This type of soil is found mostly in Southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions.
  • The soil supports deciduous and evergreen forests but humus poor.
  • This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

 

  • Arid soils: Found in the western parts of Rajasthan. After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable. Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster. Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
  • Forest soils: Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. Feature differs based on location. Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. Sil in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

 

 


NCERT Hindi Book explanation in English and tamil 

NCERT solutions Hindi सूरदास


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